There are two types of summative assessments, those that assess rote-knowledge skills and those that assess higher-level executive functions. Using the information in your text and from your own educational experience, develop an argument that supports the use of both types of summative assessments. Explain and defend the appropriate use of each type of assessment. Finally, express your opinion on the use of high stakes testing (tests attached to funding) to assess rote-knowledge skills on a national scale. Is the assessment valid? Is it appropriate? Does it increase student learning?